Sayan

Nucleus - stores genetic material - center of the cell endoplasmic reticulum -** that forms an interconnected network of tubules - is an extensive membrane network of cisternae (sac-like structures) held together by the cytoskeleton. ribosomes - that make proteins out of amino acids. - One of the central tenets of biology is that DNA makes RNA, which then makes protein. golgi apparatus - consisd closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process,sort, and deliver proteins. - they also packages proteins - some are transported to other organelles within the cell Vesicles -
 * 3.11.2009

The **cytoskeleton** (also CSK) is a cellular scaffolding" or skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought this structure was unique to eucaryotes, but recent research has identified the procaruotic sytoskeleton. It is a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, protects the cell, enables cellular motion (using structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia), and plays important roles in both intracellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example) and celular division.
 * 2. 11. 2009**
 * [[image:300px-FluorescentCells.jpg]]

31 Oct 2009

2. //Cell//** – Although most prokaryotes, and some eukaryotes, have a cell wall — cell-supporting structures located outside the plasma membrane, cell walls are composed of different materials, based on the type of organism. Bacteria (prokaryotes of the domain Eubactera) have cell walls that contain the molecule peptidoglycan. No other type of organism has a cell wall containing this molecule. Prokaryotes in the domain Archea have cell walls, but they are made of materials other than peptidoglycan. Eukaytotic animal cells do not have cell walls. Eukaryotic plants and fungi have cells walls, made of cellulose and chitin, respectively.

Cell theory** refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 1600s was made possible by advances in microscopy. This theory is one of the foundations of biology. The theory says that new cells are formed from other existing cells, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms.
 * 27.10.2009

27.10.2009 the hightest calories is a chees 3.32cal/g

26.10.2009 1. Phenylketonuria (**PKU**) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).[|[1]]:541 This enzyme is necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine ('Phe') to the amino acid tyrosine.

2. **Galactosemia** is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Galactosemia should not be confused nor related to Lactose-Intolerance. Galactosemia follows an autosoma recessive mode of inheritance that confers a deficiency in an enzyme responsible for adequate galactose degradation.

3.
 * Lactose intolerance** is the inability to metabolise lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products, because the required enzyme lactase is absent in the intestinal system or its availability is lowered. It is estimated that 75% of adults worldwide show some decrease in lactase activity during adulthood.[|[1]] The frequency of decreased lactase activity ranges from as little as 5% in northern Europe, up to 71% for Southern Europe, to more than 90% in some African and Asian countries.[|[2]]

Contents
hide] 25.10.2009 1. Basically catalyst varies the path of reaction or u can say mechanism of reaction aat relatively lower temperature so more chances for molecules to cross activation complex. 2. Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions because when it forms a complex with its substrates, it reduces the activation energy that the reaction needs to proceed. 3. No 4. 23.10.09 Enzymes function optimally at a patricular temperature and pH. If the temperature is decreased or increased, the enzyme will not function as effectively. The enzyme is most active only at a patricular temperature and pH. Hence, these two factors are very important for enzyme action. 23.10.09 1. Is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical raction to another. 2. Mg(s) + 2 CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g) 3. C + CuO=2Cu+ CO2↑ there are some gas is producted(exothermic) CaCO3=（heat）CaO+CO2↑ 10.10.09

1. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between oppositely-charged molecules in polar molecules. They pull two molecules (or parts of a molecule) together when they are close together. 2. That is, the molecules have localized area of concentrated electrical charge. The oxygen atoms are regions of (-) charge and the hydrogen atoms are areas of (+) charge. These areas of localized charge want to interact with neighboring areas of opposite charge. 3. In an ionic bond there is complete transference of electrons while in covalent there is sharing of electrons.In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons. 4. atom is the base uinit of matter ,molecule is two or more atoms. 10.10.09

1. Water is an ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is essential for all known forms of life. 2. A) solvent - is the substance thet is persent in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance. B) solute - is the substance that dissolves. C) acid - is compound that releases a proton -- a hydrogen ion (H+) -- when it dessolves in water. D) base - are compounds that remove H+ ions from solution. E) cohesion - the attraction among molecules of a substance is cohesion. F) adhesion - the attraction among molecules of different substances is called adhesion. 3. A solution's acidity, or H+ ion concentration, is measured by the pH scale.

__ 09.10.09 __

1. What definitely distinguishes them from each other is the number of their electrons, and atomic number.

2. An ionic compound is formed by the complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal and the resulting ions have achieved an octet.

3. In an ionic bond there is complete transference of electrons while in covalent there is sharing of electrons.In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons.

4. Molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Atom is the smallest basic unit of matter

5. H atoms //can// lose, gain or share electrons to form compounds. In the first two, it will form ions, and the last, molecule.

Word Bank Sept. 21, 2009

Lesson 1.1: Lesson 1.1 : The Study of Life biosphere, biodiversity, species, biology, organism, cell, metabolism, DNA

biosphere- refers to all living things and all the places they are found on th earth. biodiversity- refers to the variety of life on earth species-a particular type of living things that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves biology:the scientific study of all form of life,or all types of organisms organism:any individual living thing cell:the basic unit of life metabolism:the chemical processes that build up or break down materials DNA:the genetic material is a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

Lesson 1.2: Unifying Themes of Biology system, ecosystem, homeostasis, evolution, adaptation

system:an organized group of related parts that interact to from a whole ecosystem:a physical environment with different species that interact with one another and with nonliving things. homeostasis:the maintenance of constant internal condition is an organisms. evolution: the change in the living things over time adaptation:an inherited trait that gives an advantage to individual organismsand is passed on to future generations is an adaptation. Lesson 1.3: Scientific Thinking and Processes observation, data, hypothesis, experiment, independent variable, dependent variable, constant, theory

observation-includes using our senses to study the world. data-that can be analyzed. hypothesis-is a proposed answer for a scietific question. experiment-to test hypothesis and find how something happens. independent variable-in an experiment is a condition that is manipulated, or changed, by sciencetist. dependent variable-are observed and measured during and experiment. constant-the conditions that do not change during an experiment are called constant. theory-is a proposed explanation for a wide range of observation. Lesson 1.4: Biologists' Tools and Technology microscope, gene, molecular genetics, genomics microscope-provides an enlarged image of an object. gene-is nothing more than a segment of the DNA. molecular genetics-is a study and monipulation of DNA. genomics-is the study and comparison of genomes both within and across species. Lesson 1.5: Biology and Your Future biotechnology, transgenic biotechnology-is the use and aplication of living things and biological process. transgenic-organism that have genes from more than one species, or have copies of their own genes. Lesson 2.1:Atoms, Ions, and Molecules atom, element, compound, ion, ionic bond, covalent bond, molecule, atom - is smallest basic unit of matter. element - is one particular type of atom. compound - is a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio. ion - is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons. ionic bond - forms through the electrical force betweenoppositely charged ions. malecule - is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Lesson 2.2: Properties of Water hydrogen bond, cohesion, adhesion, solution, solvent, solute, acid, base, pH hydrogen bond - is an attraction between a slightly positiv hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, often oxygen or nitrogen. cohesion - the attraction among molecules of a substance is cohesion. adhesion - the attraction among molecules of diffrent substances is called adhesion. solution - is mixture of substances that is the same throughout---it is homogenous mixture. solvent - is the substance that is present in the greatest amount, and is the substance that dissolves solutes. solute - is a substance that dissolves in a solvent. acid - is compound that releases a proton -- a hydrogen ion (H+) -- when it dessolves in water. base - are compounds that remove H+ ions from solution. A solution's acidity, or H+ ion concentration, is measured by the pH scale. Lesson 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules monomer, polymer, carbohydrate, lipid, fatty acid, protein, amino acid, nucleic acid monomer - its each subunit in the complete molecule. polymer - is a large molecule, or macromalecule, made of many monomers bonded together. carbonhydrate - are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and they include sugars and ctarches. lipid - are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. fatty acid - are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. protein - is a polymer made of monomoers called amino acids. amino acid are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. nucleic acid - are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Lesson 2.4: Chemical Reactions chemical reaction, reactant, product, bond energy, equilibrium, activation, exothermic, endotherh the are bot chemical reaction - change substances into different substances by breking and forming chemical bonds. reactant - are the substances changed during a chemical reaction. product - are the substances made by chemical reactions. equilibrium - is reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate. activation - is the amount of energy that needs to be obsorbed for a chemical reaction to start exothermic - chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs. Lesson 2.5: Enzymes catalyst, enzyme, substrate catalyst - is a substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and, as a result, also increases the rate of the chemical reaction. enzyme - are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. substrate - the specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called substrates. Lesson 3.1: Cell Theory cell theory, cytoplasm, organelle, prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell

cell theory - all organisms are made of cells. all existing cells are produced by other living cells. The cell is the basic unit of life. cytoplasm - is a jellylike substance that containsdissolved molecular building blocks---such as proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions. organelle - is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane. prokaryotic cell - do not have a nucleus or other membrane - bound organelles.Instead, the cells DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm. All procaryotes are microscopic single - celled organism.