Sophia

3 Nov 09 1.Nucleus ---store genetic material ---center of the cell 2.endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes --- 2 Nov 09 1. Cytoskeleton support our body cells could keep the shape, anther word is if we don't have cytoskeleton we can't stand, move... 2. 3. Cytoskeleton is make of cell menbrane, cell cortex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, microfilament, microtubule, mitochondrion 1 Nov 09 1.it help scientists form a more basic unit to get to the cell theory better. 2.Nucleus is NOT present in prokaryotic cells, hence, "pro" or before and "karyos" nucleus, before-nucleus and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus 3.

30 Oct 09 The CELL THEORY, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin's theory of evolution (1859), Mendel's laws of inheritance (1865), and the establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940). Ultrastructural research and modern molecular biology have added many tenets to the cell theory, but it remains as the preeminent theory of biology. The Cell Theory is to Biology as Atomic Theory is to Physics.

27 Oct 09 The hightest Calarise is cheese,the fewest Calarise is carrats cheese,bread,banana,orange,carrats 26 Oct 09 Phenylketonuria: Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, which means the body must have it to grow and function properly. Too much can be harmful, so the body uses the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase to convert it into tyrosine. Galactosemia: a genetic disease (autosomal recessive) in which an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose is deficient or absent; typically develops shortly after birth Lactose intolerance: a congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk or milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose.

26 Oct 09 1.if we add catalyst in the chemical reaction.the the chemical reaction will become fast 2.enzymes bring substrate molecules close together,decrease activation energy, 3.no,they can't.because we can't living extremely acide or hot enveriment 23 Oct 09 Enzyme 1. pepsin 2.amylase 3.lipase 4.erepsin 5. 22 Oct 109 1.what i sthe chemical reaction? there are some new matter is produced 2.give an example of chemical reaction P+O=P2O5 3.compare and contrast exothermic and endothermic reactions C + CuO=2Cu+ CO2↑ there are some gas is producted(exothermic) CaCO3=（heat）CaO+CO2↑

10 Oct 09 1. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between oppositely-charged molecules in polar molecules. They pull two molecules together when they are close together. 2. the molecules have localized area of concentrated electrical charge. The oxygen atoms are regions of (-) charge and the hydrogen atoms are areas of (+) charge. These areas of localized charge want to interact with neighboring areas of opposite charge. 3. In an ionic bond there is complete transference of electrons while in covalent there is sharing of electrons.In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons. 4. atom is the base uinit of matter ,molecule is two or more atoms

09 Oct 09

1. Atoms of different elements differ in the number of protons they have. 2. When the numbers of positive elements and the negative elements are equal. 3. In an ionic bond there is complete transference of electrons while in covalent there is sharing of electrons.In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons. 4. atom is the base uinit of matter ,molecule is two or more atoms 5.

Lesson 1.1 : The Study of Life Biosphere: all living things and all the place they are found on th earth. Biodiversity: the variety of life is called biologic diversity. species: a particulartype of living things that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves biology: the scientific study of all form of life, or all types of organisms organism: any individual living thing cell: the basic unit of life metabolism: the chemical processes that build up or break down materials DNA: the genetic material is a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

Lesson 1.2: Unifying Themes of Biology system:an organized group of related parts that interact to from a whole ecosystem:a physical environment with different species that interact with one another and with nonliving things. homeostasis:the maintenance of constant internal condition is an organisms. evolution: the change in the living things over time adaptation:an inherited trait that gives an advantage to individual organismsand is passed on to future generations is an adaptation.

Lesson 1.3: Scientific Thinking and Processes observation:includes using our senses to study the world.but it may also involve other tools. data:that can be analyzed hypothesis:a proposed answer for a scientific question experiment： scientist study factors called independent variables and dependent variables to find cause—and effect relationships independent variable: an experiment is a condition that is manipulate ,or changed ,by a scientist. dependent variable: observed and measured during the experiment. constant: the conditions that do not change during an experiment are called constant theory: propose explanation for a wide range of observation and experimental result that is suppored by a wide range of evidence.

Lesson 1.4: Biologists' Tools and Technology Microscope: provides an enlarged image of an object. Gene: nothing more than a segment of DNA that store genetic information molecular genetic: study and mainpuplation of DNA an molecular level genomics: study and and comparison of genomes both within and across spiecies

Lesson 1.5: Biology and Your Future Biotechnology: the use and application of living things and biological processes. Transgenic organisms: that have genes from more than one species,or have altered copies of their own genes,are called transgenic organisms

Lesson 2.1:Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Atom: the smallest basic unit of matter. Element: one particular type of atom,and it can not be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. Compound: a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio. Ion: an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons. Ionic bond: forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions. covalent bond: molecule,

Lesson 2.2: Properties of Water hydrogen bond ： there are something happened chemical change with hydrogen cohesion: the attraction among molecules of an substance adhesion: the attraction among molecules of different substances solution: mixture of substance that is the same throughout –it is a homogeneous mixture. Solvent: the substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance. Solute: substance that dissolve in a solvent Acid: base: compound that remove H+ ions from a solution ph:more acidic or more basic

Lesson 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules monomer：each subunit in the complete molecule is called a monomer polymer:a large molecule,or macromolecule,made of many monemer bonded together carbohydrate: molecule compose of carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen,and they include sugars and starches. lipid: nonpolar molecules that include fats.oils,and cholsetrol. fatty acid: chains of caebon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms protein: polymer made of monomer called amino acids serine amino acid: molecules that contain carbon ,hydrogen,oxgyen,nitrogen, amd sometimes sulfur nucleic acid: polymers that are made up of monomers celled nucleotide

Lesson 2.4: Chemical Reactions chemical reaction, reactant, product, bond energy, equilibrium, activation, exothermic, endothermic

Lesson 2.5: Enzymes catalyst, enzyme, substrate.